
As individuals perform day-to-day functioning in the areas of finance, communication, transportation, socialization, and entertainment, such activities generate data and require decision-making on accessing, storing, and sharing these data daily. Health consumers manage not only health information but also nonhealth information on a daily basis. In other words, individual health consumers should be capable of managing and sharing their PHI across various care contexts.

As health consumers have more choice in care and treatment and electronic access to their structured and unstructured health information, health consumers are expected to decide the PHI that needs to be shared with their chosen partners and the manner in which it should be shared.
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Recently, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have focused on allowing consumers free and easy access to their health data and enabling them to share PHI even with large technology companies or their selective care counterparts. Under this circumstance, PHI, defined as “individually identifiable information relating to the past, present, or future health status of an individual ,” has become a valuable resource for various health care stakeholders.


As the US health care system is embracing data-driven care, personal health information (PHI) needs to be shared and managed across clinical settings by health consumers.
